for most medical situations, doctors have the right to act on behalf of a minor without parental consent if it is an emergency.

and the right to act without parental consent if the parents are considered likely to cause harm if they learn of the situation.

and if the parents are actually known to be contributing to the problem.

and if the parents cannot be located.

in short, blanket statements like "the parents have a right to know", or the parents must always be part of the decision" are simply wrong.

you will probably say something like "these are highly specific situations and they do not apply to the issue at hand", or "pregnancy is not an emergency"

i cannot speak for the laws in america or england, but in australia, the laws are interpreted very loosely. pregnancy IS considered an emergency, and one that allows doctors to act without requiring parental consent. so is contraception, in fact. and if the adolescent feels that telling the parents might lead to some kind of punishment or retribution, then the doctors have no requirement to let the parents know.

i suspect (without basis, but i will listen to anyone who actually works in the field) that the laws elsewhere are also interpreted loosely, allowing each situation to be handled individually.